For many visitors, Malta conjures images of ancient temples, fortified cities, and sun-drenched coastlines. While you won’t find large mammals roaming the countryside, a closer look reveals a different kind of wild treasure. The Maltese islands are home to a fascinating and resilient collection of smaller native species, each with a remarkable story of adaptation and survival in this unique Mediterranean landscape.
To truly know Malta is to appreciate these creatures. From the lizard that scurries over sun-baked limestone to the elusive crab in its freshwater spring, the islands’ cliffs, garrigue scrubland, and crystal-clear waters host a unique ecosystem. This guide will introduce you to the key terrestrial and marine animals you might encounter, telling the story of the archipelago’s often-overlooked but precious native fauna.
On Land: The Small Survivors
The Maltese countryside, at first glance quiet, is teeming with small life. You just need to know where and how to look.
- The Maltese Wall Lizard (Podarcis filfolensis): This is arguably the most iconic and visible animal on the islands. Darting over rubble walls, basking on historical sites, and scurrying through gardens, the Maltese Wall Lizard is a constant companion. The main population has a greenish back, often speckled with black. However, the real fascination lies in its evolution in isolation. The tiny, uninhabited islet of Filfla is home to a unique subspecies (Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis) which is larger and black with blue or orange spots. Other distinct subspecies with varying colours exist on St. Paul’s Island and Cominotto, showcasing evolution in real-time.
- The Maltese Freshwater Crab (Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi): A true national treasure, this is one of Malta’s most critically endangered species. As the islands’ only freshwater crab, it survives in just a few freshwater springs and watercourses (kullanas), such as those at Baħrija and San Martin. This secretive, nocturnal crab is a symbol of Malta’s fragile freshwater ecosystems. Its biggest threats are habitat loss and pollution, making its conservation a top priority.
- Other Mammals: Malta’s native land mammals are few and elusive. The most commonly seen is the Algerian Hedgehog, often spotted foraging at dusk in gardens and valleys. The islands are also home to the tiny Pygmy White-toothed Shrew and the stealthy Weasel, though sightings of these are rare.
- Insects and Invertebrates: The garrigue landscape buzzes with life. Look for the striking red and black of the Maltese Ruby Tiger Moth or the many species of colourful grasshoppers and beautiful butterflies, like the Swallowtail, that add a splash of vibrancy to the arid terrain.
In the Air: Residents and Breeders
While Malta is famous for its migratory birds, a special community of birds and bats are resident year-round.
- The Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius): Malta’s proud national bird is a stunning sight. The male boasts a deep blue-grey plumage and is known for its melodic, flute-like song. It prefers rocky, coastal habitats and can often be spotted perched on the dramatic Dingli Cliffs or along the rugged coastline of Gozo and Comino.
- Breeding Seabirds: The sheer sea cliffs of the archipelago are of crucial international importance for seabirds. Malta hosts approximately 10% of the world’s population of the Yelkouan Shearwater and significant colonies of the larger Scopoli’s Shearwater. These birds are masters of the sea but are clumsy on land, nesting in deep crevices in the cliffs. A boat trip at sunset near places like Ta’ Ċenċ cliffs in Gozo can reward you with the magical experience of thousands of these birds rafting on the water before returning to their nests under the cover of darkness, their eerie calls filling the air.
- Bats: As Malta’s only native flying mammals, bats are a vital part of the ecosystem. Several species, including the Lesser Horseshoe Bat and Pipistrelle species, can be found roosting in caves and old fortifications, emerging at dusk to hunt for insects.
Beneath the Waves: A Rich Marine World
The clear, warm waters surrounding Malta and Gozo are a paradise for divers and snorkelers, offering a glimpse into a vibrant underwater world.
- Common Coastal Life: Even a casual swim with a mask can reveal a surprising amount of life. Look for the brightly coloured Ornate Wrasse and the dazzling Mediterranean Parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense), which is unique in the Mediterranean for being a herbivore. In rocky crevices, you might spot the intelligent eyes of a common Octopus or the alien-like shape of a Cuttlefish.
- Iconic Marine Species: While not guaranteed, encounters with larger marine animals are possible. The Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) is a regular visitor to Maltese waters, and several have been rescued and rehabilitated on the island. Further offshore, chartering a boat might lead to a memorable encounter with pods of Common or Striped Dolphins.
- Conservation Highlight: To protect this rich biodiversity, several Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been established around the islands. These areas, which restrict certain types of fishing and boating, are crucial for safeguarding underwater habitats like Posidonia seagrass meadows, which act as vital nurseries for countless marine species.
Conservation: Protecting Malta’s Unique Heritage
Malta’s unique fauna faces significant challenges, primarily from habitat loss due to development and human disturbance. Thankfully, dedicated organisations are working to protect this natural heritage. Nature Trust – FEE Malta runs wildlife rehabilitation programs for injured turtles, dolphins, and hedgehogs, and manages several ecologically important sites. The government’s Environment & Resources Authority (ERA) is responsible for enforcing environmental laws and designating protected areas on land and at sea.
Conclusion
The wild heart of Malta, though it beats quietly, is full of unique and resilient life. Its wildlife tells a powerful story of isolation, adaptation, and survival. As you explore the islands, take a moment to look closer. Appreciate the vibrant lizard on the wall, listen for the song of the Blue Rock Thrush on the cliffs, and respect the fragile ecosystems that support them. By exploring responsibly and supporting local conservation efforts, you become part of the story, helping to ensure that these small wonders continue to thrive for generations to come.